Also known as:includes · included · including · inclusion
Written by attorneys · grounded in primary & secondary sources — see below
A verb used to indicate that one thing contains another as a part or component of a larger whole.
Sources & Authorities· 40 primary sources
Select any source to read its text and confirm it supports the definition.
Cases
Statutes
How it applies
Common Examples
6
Conspiracy Agreement on Public Welfare
Ivan Ivanov and Israel Irving agreed to block a public road for a protest they viewed as advancing community interests. Prosecutors charged conspiracy even though the objective was not itself a crime. The agreement satisfied the elements because the objective counted as unlawful under the broader standard.
Unreleased Lien Clouds Title
Imani Idowu contracted to sell land to Ira Irving. An unreleased lien remained on the property at closing. Ira refused to perform because the defect rendered title unmarketable under the contract standard.
Deposition Without Court Leave
Infinity Bank noticed the deposition of a former employee in a contract dispute. No party had stipulated otherwise and none of the Rule 30(a)(2) exceptions applied. The deponent's attendance could be compelled by subpoena.
India Inoue told her sister she planned to change her will the next day. After her death the statement was offered to show her intent. The court admitted it under the state-of-mind exception.
Voluntary Act Requirement
Ines Ibarra was charged with an offense after her body moved involuntarily during a seizure. The prosecution could not establish liability because the conduct did not include a voluntary act.
Judicial Compliance Obligation
A judge presided over a case involving a statute the judge personally opposed. The judge applied the statute anyway because the duty of compliance extended to all governing law.
Common questions
Frequently Asked
3
Does the word 'include' in a legal list make the list exhaustive?+
No. The term typically signals a partial list rather than an exhaustive one. Drafters often add phrases such as 'including without limitation' to emphasize the nonexclusive character of the enumeration.
Supporting sources
How does 'include' function when a rule lists activities that count as unlawful?+
It extends the category beyond criminal conduct to reach noncriminal acts contrary to public welfare. An agreement to pursue such an objective therefore satisfies the definition of conspiracy.
When a contract requires the seller to convey title free of defects that 'include' unreleased liens, what follows?+
The buyer may refuse to close if any listed defect remains uncured. The term signals that liens are among the defects that render title unmarketable.
5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803)Property
…performance. Many English cases illustrate the practice of issuing mandamus to compel ministerial acts concerning the public including compelling the presentment of conveyances, admitting to administer an estate, putting corporate seals to instruments and delivering papers which concern the public. The first writ of…