Also known as:decreased capacities · diminished capacity
Written by attorneys · grounded in primary & secondary sources — see below
An impairment of mental or cognitive faculties that prevents a person from making adequately considered decisions or protecting their own interests. The condition triggers a lawyer's authority to depart from a normal client relationship when the client faces substantial harm and cannot act in their own interest.
Sources & Authorities
How it applies
Common Examples
6
Lawyer Consults Family for Client
Dominic Drake met with his lawyer to sign a personal guarantee on a large commercial lease while describing wildly optimistic revenue projections and refusing to discuss risks. The lawyer observed rapid speech and learned that Dominic had recently stopped medication for a known bipolar condition. Because Dominic could not adequately protect his financial interests, the lawyer contacted family members to explore protective steps.
Lawyer Seeks Conservator Advice
Denise Donovan met her lawyer to revise her will while insisting on leaving her entire estate to a recent acquaintance she had just met online. The lawyer noted her confusion about basic assets and learned of a recent dementia diagnosis. Because Denise could not adequately protect her financial interests, the lawyer consulted an elder-law specialist about possible protective filings.
Select any source to read its text and confirm it supports the definition.
Model Codes
Dictionaries
Hall v. Florida572 U.S. 701 (2014)
Attorney Contacts Adult Children
Dolores Diaz instructed her lawyer to transfer substantial funds to a new business venture despite clear evidence she misunderstood the transaction terms. The lawyer observed memory lapses and confirmed a recent stroke. Because Dolores could not adequately act in her own interest, the lawyer contacted her adult children to discuss guardianship options.
Williams v. State502 S.W.3d 262 (Tex. Ct. App. 2016)
Counsel Requests Medical Evaluation
Doris Duffy directed her lawyer to reject a favorable settlement while exhibiting disorganized thinking and paranoia about her own attorneys. The lawyer reasonably believed the client's long-standing schizophrenia prevented sound judgment. Because Doris faced substantial financial harm, the lawyer sought a limited medical evaluation to guide protective steps.
Clark v. Arizona548 U.S. 735, 752 n.20, 126 S.Ct. 2709, 165 L.Ed.2d 842 (2006)
Lawyer Consults Physician
Dustin Donovan, an elderly pharmacist, asked his lawyer to execute complex business contracts while showing repeated inability to recall prior discussions. The lawyer confirmed documented cognitive decline through medical records. Because Dustin could not protect his interests, the lawyer contacted his physician to explore appropriate safeguards.
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc.425 U.S. 748, 96 S. Ct. 1817, 48 L. Ed. 2d 346 (1976)
Attorney Involves Trusted Relative
Dwight Dorsey instructed his lawyer to sell valuable property at a fraction of its worth while displaying intermittent confusion from a recent head injury. The lawyer determined Dwight could not appreciate the transaction's consequences. Because Dwight faced substantial harm, the lawyer contacted a trusted niece to consider protective measures.
Michigan v. Bryant562 U.S. 244 (2010)
Common questions
Frequently Asked
3
When may a lawyer take protective action for a client with decreased capacity?+
A lawyer may take reasonably necessary protective action when the lawyer reasonably believes the client has diminished capacity, faces a risk of substantial physical, financial, or other harm unless action is taken, and cannot adequately act in the client's own interest. Protective steps can include consulting family members or seeking appointment of a guardian. Any disclosure of client information must remain limited to what is reasonably necessary to protect the client.
Supporting sources
Does decreased capacity require a formal court adjudication of incompetence before a lawyer may act?+
No formal adjudication of incompetence is required. The rule permits protective action based on the lawyer's reasonable belief that the three statutory conditions are met, even before any guardianship proceeding. Lawyers must still maintain a normal client-lawyer relationship as far as reasonably possible.
Supporting sources
What limits apply to disclosures when a lawyer takes protective action?+
Rule 1.14(c) provides that information remains protected by Rule 1.6. Disclosure is impliedly authorized only to the extent reasonably necessary to protect the client's interests when the lawyer takes protective action under paragraph (b).
Supporting sources
548 U.S. 735, 126 S. Ct. 2709, 165 L. Ed. 2d 842 (2006)Criminal Law
…for Petitioner 13 (emphasis in original). We consider the claim, as Clark otherwise puts it, that “Arizona’s prohibition of ‘diminished capacity’ evidence by criminal defendants violates” due process, ibid . D Clark’s argument that the Mott rule violates the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of due process turns on the…