Also known as:vociferation · vociferations · hue and cry · clamor
Written by attorneys · grounded in primary & secondary sources — see below
A historical common-law outcry that citizens were expected to raise upon discovering a crime. The outcry triggered a duty on the part of the community to pursue the suspect and assist in the capture.
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Model Codes
Dictionaries
How it applies
Common Examples
6
Judge Faces Coordinated Fan Campaign
Clarence supporters sent over ten thousand messages to the assigned judge demanding that an arbitration award be vacated and threatening a prolonged fan boycott if the suspension stood. The judge had previously ruled against public sentiment in similar commercial disputes. The judge decided the motion by applying the narrow legal standard for vacating awards without regard to the volume of messages or threats of lost revenue.
Newspaper Challenges Editorial Mandate
A state statute required newspapers to publish replies from political candidates they had criticized. The newspaper refused and argued that the requirement interfered with its editorial choices. The Court held that the statute violated the First Amendment because it compelled the newspaper to publish material it would otherwise reject.
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo418 U.S. 241 (1974)
Government Seeks Prior Restraint on Publication
The executive branch sought an injunction to prevent newspapers from publishing classified documents about the Vietnam War. The newspapers had obtained the documents from a source and intended to print excerpts. The Court refused the injunction because the government failed to meet the heavy burden required to justify prior restraint on speech.
New York Times Co. v. United States403 U.S. 713 (1971)
Knowledge of Illegal Activity Without Participation
A telephone answering service operator knew that some clients used the service to arrange illegal bets. The operator continued providing the service but took no active steps to further the betting operations. The court held that mere knowledge and continued provision of a lawful service did not establish the intent required for criminal liability as an aider and abettor.
People v. Lauria251 Cal.App.2d 471, 59 Cal.Rptr. 628
Sunday Closing Law Challenged as Establishment
Retailers were prosecuted for violating a state law that prohibited most commercial activity on Sunday. The retailers argued that the law had a religious purpose and therefore violated the Establishment Clause. The Court upheld the law because its present purpose was to provide a uniform day of rest rather than to advance religion.
McGowan v. Maryland366 U.S. 420, 425-426 (1961)
Individual Challenges Handgun Ban
A resident of the District of Columbia sought to register a handgun for self-defense in his home but was denied under a local law that effectively banned possession of operable handguns. The resident argued that the ban violated the Second Amendment. The Court held that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to keep and bear arms for self-defense and struck down the ban.
District of Columbia v. Heller554 U.S. 570 (2008)
Common questions
Frequently Asked
5
Does the rule against public clamor require a judge to recuse whenever protests occur outside the courthouse?+
No. The rule prohibits a judge from allowing public clamor or fear of criticism to sway the decision. A judge may proceed if the ruling rests solely on the evidence and governing legal standards, as shown when Judge Rivera ruled on eviction stays despite tenant protests and editorials.
What makes a judge's statement about public pressure improper judicial conduct?+
A statement is improper when the judge links the intended ruling to the protests or fear of electoral consequences rather than to the evidence. Judge Navarro's comment that she could not afford to look soft and would choose the harshest plausible allocation because of the outcry violated the rule.
Does a judge's prior record of ruling against public sentiment protect against a claim of improper influence?+
A consistent record of deciding cases contrary to popular opinion provides evidence that the judge is not swayed by the current campaign. In the Clarence arbitration case the judge's past rulings against public sentiment supported the conclusion that recusal was unnecessary despite the volume of messages.
When does a judge's acknowledgment of public attention indicate that clamor influenced the outcome?+
Acknowledgment indicates influence when the judge expressly ties the rejection of a settlement to the risk of accusations of indifference that echo the public warnings. Judge Ellis's statement at the settlement hearing that approving the agreement might leave the court vulnerable to such accusations supported a finding of improper influence.
Is a judge's affirmative statement that the decision will rest only on the pleadings and law proper?+
Yes. Such a statement reaffirms the duty to decide without regard to public opinion or political controversy. Judge Morales's response to a reporter that the motion would be decided solely on the pleadings and the law complied with the rule against being swayed by public clamor.
and contend for or against change... muzzles one of the very agencies the Framers of our Constitution thoughtfully and deliberately selected to improve our society and keep it free." Mills…
, the informant, and the citizen’s arrest, are outweighed by the disruption to everyday life brought about by amateur law enforcement and private officiousness in relatively inconsequential…
" and report felonies to the authorities,' Branzburg v. Hayes , 408 U. S. 665, 696 (1972), was an established tenet of Anglo-Saxon law at least as early as the 13th century. 2 W.…
Professional ResponsibilityJudicial conduct · Maintaining the independence and impartiality of the judiciaryMPREFoundational